Contents
What is epistemic closure principle?
a.
Epistemic closure principles state that members of an epistemic set (such as my justified beliefs) are closed under a given relation (which may be a non-epistemic relation, like entailment, or an epistemic one, such as known entailment).
What do we mean by epistemic?
to knowledge or knowing
Definition of epistemic
: of or relating to knowledge or knowing : cognitive.
Why does Nozick deny closure?
On the other hand, some epistemologists, including Robert Nozick, have denied closure principles on the basis of reliabilist accounts of knowledge. Nozick, in Philosophical Explanations, advocated that, when considering the Gettier problem, the least counter-intuitive assumption we give up should be epistemic closure.
Which theory of knowledge denies closure?
Rejecting knowledge closure is therefore the key to resolving skepticism. Given the importance of insight into the problem of skepticism, they would seem to have a good case for denying closure. Let us consider the story they present, and some worries about its acceptability.
What is an epistemic bubble?
An epistemic bubble is an informational network in which important sources have been excluded by omission, perhaps unintentionally. It is an impaired epistemic framework which lacks strong connectivity. Members within epistemic bubbles are unaware of significant information and reasoning.
What is a Contextualist approach?
Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs.
What is an abominable conjunction?
The abominable conjunction isn’t “S knows H, and believes ~BIV because it follows from H, but doesn’t know ~BIV”; it’s just “S knows H but doesn’t know ~BIV.” That infelicity doesn’t seem at all mitigated if – as is, surely, almost always the case – she doesn’t believe ~BIV because it follows from H.
What is skeptical doubt?
1 : an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object. 2a : the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain.
What is knowledge according to Reliabilism?
Ramsey (1931) is often credited with the first articulation of a reliabilist account of knowledge. He claimed that knowledge is true belief that is certain and obtained by a reliable process. That idea lay more-or-less dormant until the 1960s, when reliabilist theories emerged in earnest.
What is knowledge bubble?
an approach based on coherence that depends on the internal harmony of information and interpretations (bubbles of agreement, no contradiction allowed!), and. an approach based on correspondence between knowledge claims and the world.
What does echo chamber mean?
Definition of echo chamber
: a room with sound-reflecting walls used for producing hollow or echoing sound effects —often used figuratively Living in a kind of echo chamber of their own opinions, they pay attention to information that fits their conclusions and ignore information that does not.— James Surowiecki.
What is the difference between a filter bubble and an echo chamber?
Filter bubbles: where you don’t hear the other side. Echo Chambers: where you don’t trust the other side.
What is knowledge according to Reliabilism?
Ramsey (1931) is often credited with the first articulation of a reliabilist account of knowledge. He claimed that knowledge is true belief that is certain and obtained by a reliable process. That idea lay more-or-less dormant until the 1960s, when reliabilist theories emerged in earnest.
What is an abominable conjunction?
The abominable conjunction isn’t “S knows H, and believes ~BIV because it follows from H, but doesn’t know ~BIV”; it’s just “S knows H but doesn’t know ~BIV.” That infelicity doesn’t seem at all mitigated if – as is, surely, almost always the case – she doesn’t believe ~BIV because it follows from H.
What is the no false lemmas condition?
Under No False Lemmas, knowledge is restricted to justified true beliefs that are based upon other truths, or facts of the matter – one cannot just so happen to know something in the way that the JTB definition of knowledge allows.
What is skeptical doubt?
1 : an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object. 2a : the doctrine that true knowledge or knowledge in a particular area is uncertain.
What is a Cartesian way of thinking?
Cartesians adopted an ontological dualism of two finite substances, mind (spirit or soul) and matter. The essence of mind is self-conscious thinking; the essence of matter is extension in three dimensions. God is a third, infinite substance, whose essence is necessary existence.
What is metaphysical doubt?
The metaphysical doubts attempt. to cast doubt on beliefs based on present or recollected clear and distinct. perceptions.
Does Descartes believe in God?
According to Descartes, God’s existence is established by the fact that Descartes has a clear and distinct idea of God; but the truth of Descartes’s clear and distinct ideas are guaranteed by the fact that God exists and is not a deceiver. Thus, in order to show that God exists, Descartes must assume that God exists.
What are the 5 proofs of God’s existence?
Thomas Aquinas’ Five Ways to Prove the Existence of God
- The First Way: Motion.
- The Second Way: Efficient Cause.
- The Third Way: Possibility and Necessity.
- The Fourth Way: Gradation.
- The Fifth Way: Design.
What Plato thinks about God?
To Plato, God is transcendent-the highest and most perfect being-and one who uses eternal forms, or archetypes, to fashion a universe that is eternal and uncreated. The order and purpose he gives the universe is limited by the imperfections inherent in material.
Which philosopher proved the existence of God?
René Descartes
His research focuses on metaphysics, ethics, and philosophy of biology. René Descartes‘ (1596-1650) “Proofs of God’s Existence” is a series of arguments that he posits in his 1641 treatise (formal philosophical observation) “Meditations on First Philosophy,” first appearing in “Meditation III.
What is the probability that God exists?
A scientist has calculated that there is a 67% chance that God exists. Dr Stephen Unwin has used a 200-year-old formula to calculate the probability of the existence of an omnipotent being.
What are the 4 arguments for the existence of God?
Something must be the first or prime mover, the first efficient cause, the necessary ground of contingent beings, the supreme perfection that imperfect beings approach, and the intelligent guide of natural things toward their ends.
What are the 3 main arguments for the existence of God?
There is certainly no shortage of arguments that purport to establish God’s existence, but ‘Arguments for the existence of God’ focuses on three of the most influential arguments: the cosmological argument, the design argument, and the argument from religious experience.
Who Wrote the Bible?
That single author was believed to be Moses, the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites out of captivity in Egypt and guided them across the Red Sea toward the Promised Land.
Related posts:
How do Coherentists rebut the argument that Coherence Theory allows patent falsehoods to be true?
Best books on philosophy of mind and/or consciousness?
Does Einstein’s local realism in quantum mechanics imply superdeterminism?
Is it possible for an argument to be logically valid but not truth-functionally valid?
Questions and ideas that have stumped philosophers?
Is the business of science to construct models of objects and processes?
What is a “demon”?
My thoughts on time?
Why is this argument against solipsism and skepticism bad, unless reality can be defined as what we can observe?
Is there a word for omniscience without foreknowlege?